Purpose: The phenomenon of unreasonable Escalation of Commitments and decisions, well-known in organizational behavior, is where individuals, particularly managers, persist in investing in failed actions. This study aims to design a model for managing Escalation of commitment in the public sector.Design/Methodology/Approach: We employed a qualitative research method based on a data-driven approach. The study population included managers with experience in governmental organizations in Khorasan Razavi Province. Utilizing the saturation principle and snowball sampling method, 12 participants were selected as the sample size. Data collection involved general guidance and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was conducted using quantitative methods and MaxQDA software.Research Findings: The study reveals that the Escalation model for managers' commitment in the public sector comprises several elements: causal conditions with individual, collective, and organizational factors; a central category featuring the Escalation of commitment factor; a strategy with resource absorption, time application, and non-limitation strategy components; consequences including undesirable governance and performance reduction; and context with cultural factors, social factors, and environmental factors as the observer.Implications: The negative connotations of the issue and managers' fear of consequences lead them to avoid responding.Practical Implications: Understanding these factors can help managers recognize and address the impacts of commitment Escalation.Innovation or Value of the Article: This research uniquely designs a model for managers' commitment in the public sector, highlighting the originality of this article.Paper Type: Research Paper

Purpose: Glaucoma following penetrating keratoplasty (PK) continues to be a serious problem that may ultimately become sight threatening. Knowledge of the risk factors for development of glaucoma following PK, such as preexisting glaucoma, pseudophakia, aphakia, and previous PK, can limit the occurrence and improve the outcome of the keratoplasty. The management of postkeratoplasty (Post-PK) glaucoma remains controversial with a wide range of treatment modalities available, including newer classes of drugs, laser therapy, filtering surgery with mitomycin C, and implantation of glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs), as well as various cycloablative treatment modalities, including cyclocryotherapy and cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) with noncontact and contact neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd: YAG) laser, a semiconductor diode, and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP).Methods: A literature search was conducted on the Medline database using the search terms glaucoma, PK, trabeculectomy, GDDs, cyclocryotherapy, Nd: YAG CPC, diode laser CPC, and ECP for the 35-year period between 1975 and 2010. Several articles that were not found by Medline search were cited in the references of other articles. Articles were included because of their subject relevance or were excluded so as to avoid redundancy. Abstracts written in English of non-English-language articles were also reviewed.

The major goal of the current study is to investigate whether using the real option method along with the discounted cash flow techniques can reduce the decision makers’ Escalation of commitment (EC hereafter) or their desire to keep up their commitment to a failed project. The sample size was 100 Data were gathered via the use of questionnaries. The results revealed that using the real option method in capital budgeting can affect the users’ behavior and decisions and lead to better decision-making in the long-term projects.

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in transdisciplinary approach to university curriculum development. Transdisciplinary studies are about the realms and goals of the transition field. The early phases of transdisciplinary in higher education curriculum can be complex and so there are challenges to defining and operationalizing this approach to the university curriculum. In this paper, with respect to the different perspectives on the subject, the conceptual framework and the model of the curriculum based on the causal layered learning are explained and the challenges and obligations of the subject are conceptualized based on four different types of curricular issues: philosophical and pedagogical considerations, issues and responsibilities affecting the teaching process, issues and responsibilities affecting students learning, issues and responsibilities affecting course design and issues and responsibilities affecting learning assessment. In the end, it has been pointed out that curriculum, teaching and learning in higher education encompass a range of institutional adjustments and adaptations that are not easily adaptable and structured within the framework of current situation, thus it is very useful to address obligations and responsibilities in designing a course of study, curriculum goals, and evaluation and preparation of students to face the challenges posed by new forms of curriculum.

The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia have always been based on tension, political misunderstandings and on some occasions, a kind of limited dé tente. Presently (early 2019) most researchers employ the term “ cold war” to describe the nature of this relationship. This situation has deteriorated after the Syrian crisis (since 2011), and the reign of King Salman and his son, especially with the arrival of Donald Trump at the White House. By using the neoclassical realism theory, the present paper seeks to explain the question of leading causes of Tehran-Riyadh hostility from an Iranian perspective and prospects that can be drawn for it. The findings suggest that the causes of this hostility can be analyzed at the domestic, regional and transnational levels. As long as Riyadh perceives Iran as a threat to its survival, Trump and Mohammed bin Salman remain in power, Riyadh's internal concerns stay in place, and no strategic shift happens from Saudi side (for example, alliance with Russia), the tension in Tehran-Riyadh relations will continue. The method used by the authors in this research is descriptive-analytic, and it is mostly focused on how Tehran interprets the deep reasons for this hostility.

Tariff policy along agricultural products supply chain has been always a challenge of policymakers of this sector. In this study, different policy formulations of tariff rate on raw material in upstream chains and processed products in downstream chains were investigated. Due to market integration along the chain, a multi-market partial equilibrium model was employed to simulate the scenarios. Our findings show that with 20 percent (40 percent) increases in oilseeds import tariff, the production increases by 169 percent (189 percent) and the import of raw oil decrease by 89 percent (99 percent). Nevertheless, increases in vegetable oil tariff by 20 percent (40 percent) will reduce consumer surpluses by 32 percent (56 percent). Moreover, vegetable oil tariff has avoidable impacts on downstream chains including oilseed and raw oil. According to the study results, it is recommended that cross-cutting impacts of these policies on vegetable oil chain should be considered in order to improve effectiveness and efficiency of market policies.